and
and
It joins the row underneath the five, and stays on this device.
Beethoven notated metronome marks for only his first eleven quartets, in the list Steiner published in 1818. The earliest metronome marks we know for the late five come from Karl Holz, who played second violin in the quartet that gave them their first performances; he took the tempi down at rehearsals Beethoven himself attended.
Lenz, Wilhelm von. 1860. Beethoven: Eine Kunst-Studie. Vol. 5. Hamburg.
Noorduin, Marten. 2016. “Beethoven’s Tempo Indications.” PhD diss., University of Manchester.
Stroud, Rachel. Forthcoming. “The Marks in the Quartets.” Fiddle ID. Her readings will be cited against these rows when the essay arrives.